Navigating in practice

Technique over gadgets.

Planning

Estimate time with a rule such as four kilometres an hour plus a minute for every ten metres climbed. Identify escape routes and decision points before you start.

Tell someone your route and expected return.
Carry a paper map and compass; batteries fail in the cold.

Poor visibility

Use pacing to measure distance, and aim off deliberately to one side of a target so you know which way to turn when you meet a linear feature such as a wall or stream.