Misuse

Capability is neutral, use is not.

Dual use

The same capabilities that summarise research also write convincing phishing, generate fake evidence, and scale harassment. Restricting misuse without removing benefit is genuinely unsolved.

Guardrails reduce casual misuse and rarely stop determined actors.
Open weights make both benefits and misuse harder to control centrally.

Information hazards

Some knowledge is dangerous to distribute at scale even though it is publicly available in pieces. Where to draw that line is contested and decided case by case.