MEPX
Chapter 7 of 10All chapters

Chapter 7 of 10

Borders and countries

Lines with histories.

How borders form

Some follow rivers and mountain ranges, others were drawn by colonial administrators along lines of latitude with no regard for who lived there.

  • Straight borders usually indicate external imposition.
  • Enclaves and disputed areas remain common; counting countries is not neutral.

Landlocked states

More than forty countries have no coast, which raises trade costs and makes them dependent on neighbours for access to ports.