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Chapter 3 of 10All chapters

Chapter 3 of 10

Fermi estimates

Breaking the unguessable into the guessable.

The method

Split the question into factors you can each guess within a factor of three, then multiply. Errors in different directions partly cancel, so the product is better than any single guess.

  • Population times rate times frequency covers most such questions.
  • State your assumptions out loud so someone can challenge the weak one.

The classic

How many piano tuners are in a city? Population, households per piano, tunings per year, tunings per tuner per day. Four rough guesses give a surprisingly good answer.